100 top influencers: identify answers

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  1. Umar Ibn al-Khattab [c 586 - 644]
    1. second of Muslim caliphs, pacified much of today's Middle East, responsible for success and spread of Islam
  2. Alexander the Great [356 BC - 323 BC]
    1. conqueror of the ancient world, conquered Greece and Persia, founded the Library of Alexandria, brought Greek and Middle Eastern civilizations together, advanced academic inquiry
  3. Aristotle [384 BC - 322 BC]
    1. advanced rational approach to philosophy and science, all Western thought and philosophy
  4. Asoka [c 300 BC - c 232 BC]
    1. monarch of India, responsible for rise of Buddhism in India
  5. St. Augustine [354 - 430]
    1. theologian of the Roman era, Christian doctrines and thought
  6. Johann Sebastian Bach [1685 - 1750]
    1. German composer, unified European musical styles
  7. Francis Bacon [1561 - 1626]
    1. British philosopher, promoted scientific investigation
  8. Ludwig van Beethoven [1770 - 1827]
    1. musical composer
  9. Alexander Graham Bell [1847 - 1922]
    1. inventor of the telephone
  10. Simon Bolivar [1783 - 1830]
    1. "the George Washington of South America", liberated South America from Spanish rule
  11. Napoleon Bonaparte [1769 - 1821]
    1. French general and emperor, created Code Napoleon, many European wars, influenced French intellectual thought, Latin American freedom, US expansionism
  12. Buddha [563 BC - 483 BC]
    1. founder of Buddhism, major religion in Asia, influenced Hinduism
  13. Augustus Caesar [63 BC - 14 AD]
    1. founder of Roman Empire, influenced Roman peace and stability for centuries
  14. Julius Caesar [100 BC - 44 BC]
    1. conquered Gaul for Rome, dictator
  15. John Calvin [1509 - 1564]
    1. Protestant theologian, founder of Calvinism, influenced hundreds of millions of religious adherents
  16. Charlemagne [742 - 814]
    1. founder of the Holy Roman Empire
  17. Christopher Columbus [1451 - 1506]
    1. discoverer of Americas, responsible for advanced European wealth, obliteration of Indian civilizations, founding of major new nations
  18. Confucius [551 BC - 479 BC]
    1. founder of ethical system based on Chinese beliefs used within China for two millennia
  19. Constantine [c 280 - 337]
    1. first Christian emperor, transformed Christianity from minor sect to major European religion
  20. Nicolaus Copernicus [1473 - 1543]
    1. promoter of heliocentrism, founder of modern astronomy and science, influenced works of Galileo, Kepler, Newton, impact on religious thought
  21. Hernando Cortes [1485 - 1547]
    1. Spanish conqueror of Mexico
  22. Oliver Cromwell [1599 - 1658]
    1. established parliamentary government in England, responsible for flow of democracy from England
  23. Cyrus the Great [c 590 BC - 529 BC]
    1. founder of the Persian Empire
  24. Louis Daguerre [1787 - 1851]
    1. first practical method of photography
  25. John Dalton [1766 - 1844]
    1. inventor of the theory of the atom
  26. Charles Darwin [1809 - 1882]
    1. originator of theory of evolution through natural selection, revolutionized biology and religious thought
  27. Vasco da Gama [c 1460 - 1524]
    1. discovered direct sea route from Europe to India by sailing around Africa
  28. Rene Descartes [1596 - 1650]
    1. French philosopher, scientist, mathematician, influenced method of inquiry and promotion of science
  29. Thomas Edison [1847 - 1931]
    1. inventor of practical light bulb and many other inventions, influenced development of the technology society
  30. Albert Einstein [1879 - 1955]
    1. developed theories of relativity, theoretical discoverer of the photon, advanced start of Manhattan Project
  31. Queen Elizabeth I [1533 - 1603]
    1. English monarch, authenticated Anglicanism, age of exploration, defeated the Spanish Armada
  32. Euclid [fl c 300 BC]
    1. father of geometry, work endured for two thousand years, influenced modern science
  33. Leonhard Euler [1707 - 1783]
    1. Swiss mathematician and physicist, fluid mechanics, astronomy
  34. Michael Faraday [1791 - 1867]
    1. inventor of the electric motor, discoverer of induction, co-father of the electrical revolution
  35. Enrico Fermi [1901 - 1954]
    1. designed the first nuclear reactor
  36. Alexander Fleming [1881 - 1955]
    1. discoverer of penicillin, saved millions of lives
  37. Henry Ford [1863 - 1947]
    1. introduced modern mass production methods
  38. Sigmund Freud [1856 - 1939]
    1. the originator of psychoanalysis
  39. Galileo Galilei [1564 - 1642]
    1. developer of modern scientific method, mechanics, law of inertia, astronomy, inertia
  40. Mikhail Gorbachev [1931 - ]
    1. last leader of the Soviet Union
  41. Johann Gutenberg [1400 - 1468]
    1. inventor of modern printing, responsible for advanced European civilization
  42. William Harvey [1578 - 1657]
    1. discoverer of circulation of the blood
  43. Werner Heisenberg [1901 - 1976]
    1. scientist of quantum mechanics, modern scientific theory and inventions, cosmology
  44. Adolf Hitler [1889 - 1945]
    1. German fuhrer, major European war
  45. Homer [fl 8th cent BC]
    1. Greek poet
  46. Queen Isabella I [1451 - 1504]
    1. instigator of the Spanish Inquisition, funded Columbus
  47. Thomas Jefferson [1743 - 1826]
    1. founding father, author of the Declaration of Independence, third president, Louisiana Purchase
  48. Edward Jenner [1749 - 1823]
    1. developed vaccine for smallpox
  49. Jesus [c 6 BC - c 30 AD]
    1. founder of Chrisianity
  50. Justinian I [483 - 565]
    1. ordered development of the Codex
  51. John F. Kennedy [1917 - 1963]
    1. launched the American space program
  52. Johannes Kepler [1571 - 1630]
    1. discoverer of laws of planetary motion
  53. Genghis Khan [c 162 - 1227]
    1. great Mongol conqueror, united Mongol tribes, founded Mongol Empire, impacted Asian countries for centuries
  54. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier [1743 - 1794]
    1. father of modern chemistry, periodic table, conservation of mass
  55. Lenin [1870 - 1924]
    1. established Communism in Russia
  56. Antony Van Leeuwenhoek [1632 - 1723]
    1. discoverer of microbes, laid foundation for microbiology
  57. Joseph Lister [1827 - 1912]
    1. introduced antiseptic procedures
  58. John Locke [1632 - 1704]
    1. father of theory of constitutional democracy, influenced American and French Revolutions
  59. Ts'ai Lun [fl c 105 AD]
    1. inventor of paper, responsible for advancing Chinese and Arab civilizations
  60. Martin Luther [1483 - 1546]
    1. launched the Protestant Revolution, salvation through grace eroded influence of the Catholic Church, new sects, European wars, encouraged intellectual freedom
  61. Niccolo Machiavelli [1469 - 1527]
    1. Italian philosopher, ethics for dictators
  62. Thomas Malthus [1766 - 1834]
    1. developer of population science, influenced environmentalism, birth control, biology
  63. Mahavira (Vardhamana) [c 599 BC - c 527 BC]
    1. founder of Jainism, which included reincarnation, karma, non-violence, influenced other Asian religions
  64. Mani [216 - 276]
    1. founder of Manichaeism, a Middle Eastern religion for a 1000 years
  65. James Clerk Maxwell [1831 - 1879]
    1. discoverer of the basic laws of electromagnetism
  66. Karl Marx [1818 - 1883]
    1. father of "scientific socialism", the theoretical basis of Communism, influenced political leaders of major Communist movements
  67. Guglielmo Marconi [1874 - 1937]
    1. inventor of the radio
  68. Mencius [c 371 BC - c 289 BC]
    1. successor to Confucius, the "Second Sage"
  69. Gregor Mendel [1822 - 1884]
    1. father of genetics, discovered basic principles of heredity
  70. Menes [fl c 3100 BC]
    1. first king of Egypt, united Egypt
  71. Michelangelo [1475 - 1564]
    1. painter, sculptor, architect, influenced development of European art
  72. William T. G. Morton [1819 - 1868]
    1. introduced anesthesia in surgery
  73. Moses [13th cent BC]
    1. major prophet in three world religions, freed the Hebrews from Egypt, influenced Torah and ethics, preserved Jewish monotheism
  74. Muhammed [570 - 632]
    1. political and religious leader, founder of Islam, ruler of greater Arabia
  75. Isaac Newton [1642 - 1727]
    1. British scientist, developed foundation for modern scientific principles
  76. Nikolaus August Otto [1832 - 1891]
    1. inventor of practical internal combustion engine
  77. Louis Pasteur [1822 - 1895]
    1. leading medical scientist, promoted germ theory of medicine, developed practice of inoculation, vaccines for anthrax and rabies, responsible for greatly extended life expectancies
  78. St. Paul [c 4 BC - c 64 AD]
    1. advocate for Christianity, transformed a small Jewish sect into major religion
  79. Peter the Great [1672 - 1725]
    1. Russian czar, transformed Russia into a world power
  80. Gregory Pincus [1903 - 1967]
    1. developer of the oral contraceptive pill
  81. Francisco Pizarro [c 1475 - 1541]
    1. Spanish conqueror of the Incan empire
  82. Max Planck [1858 - 1947]
    1. father of quantum mechanics, influenced modern physics and cosmology
  83. Plato [427 BC - 347 BC]
    1. father of Western philosophy, detailed the ideal society, influenced the Catholic Church, modern governments
  84. Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen [1845 - 1923]
    1. discoverer of X-rays
  85. Jean-Jacques Rousseau [1712 - 1778]
    1. Swiss philosopher, noble savage, social contract
  86. Ernest Rutherford [1871 - 1937]
    1. experimental physicist, applications of radioactivity, nuclear physics
  87. William Shakespeare (Edward de Vere) [1550 - 1604]
    1. British playwright and poet
  88. Adam Smith [1723 - 1790]
    1. father of modern economics, advanced capitalist theory
  89. Joseph Stalin [1879 - 1953]
    1. dictator of the Soviet Union for two decades
  90. Shih Huang Ti [259 BC - 210 BC]
    1. Chinese emperor, united China, abolished feudalism, made commerce reforms, advancement of Chinese civilization through unification
  91. Sui Wen Ti [541 - 604]
    1. Chinese emperor, re-unified China
  92. Lao Tzu [fl 4th c BC]
    1. faouned of Taoism, influenced Confucianism and Buddhism
  93. Pope Urban II [1042 - 1099]
    1. launched the Crusades, responsible for contact betweeen cultures, preparation for the Renaissance
  94. Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) [1694 - 1778]
    1. leading figure of the French Enlightenment
  95. George Washington [1732 - 1799]
    1. father of the American Revolution, military leader, led the Constitutional Convention, first President
  96. James Watt [1736 - 1819]
    1. father of the steam engine, helped launch the Industrial Revolution
  97. William the Conqueror [c 1027 - 1087]
    1. led the Norman conquest of England, responsible for a strengthened England, greatly influenced the English language
  98. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright [1871 - 1948, 1867 - 1912]
    1. inventors of the airplane, influenced modern aviation and aerospace
  99. Mao Zedong [1893 - 1976]
    1. founded Communism in China, leader for a quarter-century
  100. Zoroaster (Zarathustra) [c 628 BC - c 551 BC]
    1. Iranian founder of Zoroastrianism, religion for 2,500 years
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